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For the Stoics it is clearcut: assent is up to you, everything else is not. Of course you are right that externals have degrees of utility, but that’s not what Epictetus was talking about.

As for emotions, the Stoics do not see them as separate from reason. The two are completely intermingled, which is why you can talk to your anger, say, and realize that it’s not good for you.

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Figs in Winter
Figs in Winter

Written by Figs in Winter

by Massimo Pigliucci, a scientist, philosopher, and Professor at the City College of New York. Exploring and practicing Stoicism & other philosophies of life.

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